Comparative study of platelet aggregation by turbidimetric and impedance methods in patients under acetylsalicylic acid antiplatelet therapy

INTRODUÇÃO: A hiperagregação (agregação excessiva) das plaquetas pode causar a formação de um trombo e a posterior oclusão dos vasos sanguíneos levando à isquemia. Esse fenômeno é responsável por doenças isquêmicas cardiovasculares, como angina pectoris e aterosclerose, bem como outras formas de isquemia, como o acidente vascular cerebral. Visando diminuir a função das plaquetas para reduzir a formação de trombos, o ácido acetilsalicílico vem sendo utilizado para tratamento antitrombótico, com diversos estudos mostrando sua eficácia. Dessa forma faz-se mister o uso de uma ferramenta laboratorial para o monitoramento da efetividade do tratamento, o que é feito por meio do teste de agregação plaquetária. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar duas metodologias para esse exame (impedância elétrica e turbidimetria) em relação a trinta pacientes adultos de ambos os sexos em uso do fármaco. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostraram uma boa correlação entre os métodos, possibilitando o uso concomitante de ambas as técnicas em laboratórios clínicos de rotina.INTRODUCTION: Hyperaggregation of platelets can cause the formation of thrombi and subsequent occlusion of blood vessels leading to ischemia. This phenomenon can be responsible for ischemic cardiovascular diseases such as angina pectoris and atherosclerosis as well as other forms of ischemia such as stroke. To decrease platelet function and reduce the formation of thrombi, acetylsalicylic acid has been used for antithrombotic treatment, with several studies showing its effectiveness. Therefore it is necessary to use a laboratory tool to monitor the effectiveness of treatment, which is achieved through laboratory testing of platelet aggregation. The aim of this study was to compare two different methods (impedance and turbidimetry) to test platelet aggregation in 30 adult patients of both genders taking acetylsalicylic acid. CONCLUSION: The results show that there is a good correlation between these two methods and so both these techniques can be used in the clinical routine

Las técnicas de intervención bajo rasante : la importancia de su conocimiento y difusión en la arquitectura

Los aspectos geotécnicos y las técnicas de intervención en la edificación bajo rasante, es un capítulo pendiente en el desarrollo habitual de la edificación, más cuando en toda intervención edificatoria es pertinente la participación de Arquitectos y Arquitectos Técnicos. Este tipo de técnicas son de gran aplicación en el campo de la edificación, si bien hasta el momento han sido aplicados, fundamentalmente en recalces, también son aplicables a la edificación de nueva planta, eso sí siempre en las Unidades de Obra bajo rasante. De especial relevancia es el tratamiento para la ejecución de vaciados, sin elementos tradicionales de contención. Pero no todas valen para todo. Un error en la selección puede provocar más perjuicio que beneficio, y por ello es de gran interés la investigación en este campo, desde un punto de vista, algo más allá del punto de vista de la ingeniería, esto es “con los ojos del Arquitecto, y a su vez es necesario difundir sus resultados de tal modo que sea accesible a los técnicos, así como sus posibilidades de aplicación profesional. En la comunicación se presenta la situación actual y una breve sipnósis de las diferentes técnicas de aplicación, generalmente desconocidas, con particularidad al campo de los tratamientos de terreno

Rehabilitating with concrete. Low cost alternative in a crisis environment.

[EN] The focus of the paper is the rehabilitation with fair-faced concrete of the new Learning and Research Center (LCR) of the Alcalá University. The intervention has been strongly conditioned by the economic costs, and the use of concrete has helped to reduce it, in a difficult period of public finances. The use of fair-faced concrete as integral constructive solution (from the structural to the final finishes) has allowed to build the LCR without significant budgetary slippages, with the usual difficult of the historical heritage rehabilitation and its uncertain technical and constructive problems.[ES] La presente ponencia se centra en el análisis de una rehabilitación realizada íntegramente en hormigón visto, el nuevo Centro de Recursos para el Aprendizaje y la Investigación (CRAI) de la Universidad de Alcalá, poniendo de relieve el uso de dicho material como un factor de abaratamiento de costes de ejecución (sin menoscabo de la calidad arquitectónica) en un momento de ajustados recursos económicos de las administraciones públicas. La utilización del hormigón visto como solución constructiva integral, tanto desde el punto de vista estructural como desde el punto de vista de los acabados y terminaciones, permitió realizar dicho edificio sin desviaciones presupuestarias significativas, con la dificultad añadida de tratarse de la rehabilitación de un edificio histórico, con las incertidumbres técnico-constructivas de toda intervención patrimonial.Celis D'amico, F.; Echeverria Valiente, E.; Da Casa Martín, F.; Delgado Conde, I. (2018). Rehabilitando en hormigón. Alternativa “low cost” en un entorno de crisis. En CIAB 8. VIII Congreso Internacional de arquitectura blanca. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 318-325. https://doi.org/10.4995/CIAB8.2018.7599OCS31832

Figurative contaminations in the modernist movement: A case study of the CEPAL building

The CEPAL building in Santiago de Chile (1960), once built, became an icon of modern architecture in Chile and throughout Latin America. The paper analyses, through the building plans and drawings, the level of involvement of this project with the modernist movement, particularly the close relationship to the contemporary proposals of Le Corbusier in Chandigarh and La Tourette or Ronchamp, immediate points of reference for the CEPAL project.El edificio de la CEPAL en Santiago de Chile (1960), una vez construido, se convirtió en un icono del movimiento moderno en Chile y en toda Sudamérica. El artículo analiza, a través de los dibujos, el nivel de relación de dicho proyecto con el movimiento moderno, particularmente las cercanas relaciones con las propuestas que contemporáneamente estaba realizando Le Corbusier en Chandigarh, La Tourette or Ronchamp, inmediatas referencias del proyecto de la CEPAL

Heritage and innovation in University Architecture in the city of Alcalá

La Universidad de Alcalá, como caso de estudio en relación a su patrimonio arquitectónico, puede considerarse como un caso singular, tanto en lo referente a su gestación, desarrollo y puesta en funcionamiento, como en lo relativo a los conceptos y políticas académicas que determinaron su modelo arquitectónico: un complejo equilibrio entre restauración conservacionista, intervención contemporánea y nueva arquitectura. Operaciones no todas ellas de fácil catalogación ni todas ellas exitosas, pero que conforman un corpus arquitectónico único, imbricado tanto en el interior del tejido histórico de la ciudad (campus ciudad), como en su exterior (campus científico-tecnológico). La combinación de ambas operaciones y su volumen y envergadura resulta una suma de actuaciones de arquitectura universitaria sin parangón en el reciente panorama educativo español. El presente artículo desarrolla una revisión crítica de dichas actuaciones, en un momento de cambio de paradigma derivado de las sucesivas crisis económicas y socia-les de los últimos años.The architectural heritage of the University of Alcalá is a unique case of study. Its conception, development, and implementation, as well as the academic concepts and policies that determined its architectural model are the result of a complex balance between conservation-restoration, contemporary intervention, and new architecture. The works undergone by the University of Alcalá are not easy to catalog and although many of them weren ́t successful either, they make up a unique architectural corpus, embedded both within the historical fabric of the city (city campus), and beyond (scientific and technological campus). The combination of both operations and their volume and scale have produced a series of university architectural interventions unparalleled in the recent Spanish educational scene. This article develops a critical review of them, in the context of a change of paradigm due to continuous economic and social crises

METHODOLOGY PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS IN SMALL URBAN ENVIRONMENTS

El agua es un bien escaso, preciado y cada vez más cotizado. Es una obligación legal y moral no solo consumir menos, sino consumir mejor. Desde este articulo pretendemos poner a disposición de la comunidad científica varias experiencias en la línea de intervención en el ciclo del agua para uso humano, mediante una propuesta de metodología de gestión de agua en conjuntos urbanos de pequeño tamaño, reduciendo el consumo, reciclando y reutilizando en origen el agua, evitando de esta forma además la sobrecarga de las instalaciones de desagüe y depuración existentes. También se aportan algunas experiencias realizadas en la gestión del agua en edificios, como muestra de las posibilidades de la arquitectura para regular el primer filtro de tratamiento, previo al de las intervenciones urbanas. Palavras-chave: Recurso hídrico, Gestión Integral, Optimización, Estrategia.Water is a rare and precious commodity, and is increasingly valued. It is a legal and moral obligation not only to consume less, but to consume better. From this article, we intend to make available to the scientific community various experiences in the line of intervention in the water cycle for human use, through a proposed water management methodology in small urban complexes, reducing consumption, recycling and reuse of water at the source. Avoiding the overload of the existing drainage and purification facilities. Some experiences carried out in the management of water in buildings are also provided, as an example of the possibilities of architecture to regulate the first treatment filter, before urban interventions. Keywords: Hidric resource, Integral management, Improvement, Strategy

Intervention in foundations in problematic soils through historical construction treaties in Spanish

Los tratados históricos de construcción y arquitectura son una fuente de información fundamental. Nos indican el cómo y el porqué de los sistemas constructivos en los últimos siglos. Han sido los textos docentes de los arquitectos desde el siglo XVI. La cimentación es uno de esos elementos. El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer su origen constructivo y el modo de abordar la cimentación en suelos problemáticos. Para ello se han analizado los doce tratados históricos de construcción en español que tratan en su texto los aspectos relacionados con el diseño y ejecución de las cimentaciones. Se han extraído los aspectos relacionados con la cimentación y su aplicación en los suelos problemáticos. Se han ordenado y analizado, y se han podido concluir las referencias que son antecedentes de las técnicas actuales de tratamiento de terreno, así como técnicas para aplicación en recalces de cimentación.Historical construction and architectural treatises are a fundamental source of information. They tell us the how and why of construction systems in recent centuries. They have been the teaching texts of architects since the 16th century. The foundation is one of those elements. It is of interest to know its constructive origin. The objective of this work is to know more specifically how to approach foundations in problem soils. For this purpose, the twelve historical treatises on construction in Spanish that deal in their text with aspects related to the design and execution of foundations have been analyzed. Aspects related to the foundation and its application in problem soils have been extracted. They have been ordered and analyzed, and it has been possible to conclude the references that are antecedents of current soil treatment techniques, as well as techniques for application in foundation undercuts

Antiplatelet activity of Croton celditifolius

Croton celtidifolius Baill é uma árvore encontrada na Mata Atlântica, no sul do Brasil, principalmente no estado de Santa Catarina. A infusão da casca e folhas dessa planta medicinal é utilizada na medicina popular para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias. A atividade antiagregante do extrato bruto de C. celtidifolius (CE) e de seus flavonóides isolados por coluna cromatográfica (CC), catequina e galocatequina, foi avaliada em plaquetas humanas. O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) foi incubado com diferentes concentrações dos flavonóides testados (50 - 200 µg/mL) e posteriormente a agregação foi induzida pelos agonistas adenosina 5'difosfato (ADP) e colágeno. Na concentração de 200 µg/mL o CE, a catequina e a galocatequina inibiram a agregação plaquetária induzida pelos agonistas. A produção de ATP foi utilizada como um índice de capacidade de secreção plaquetária e observamos uma diminuição na produção de ATP nas plaquetas tratadas com os flavonóides e estimuladas com o colágeno. Por outro lado, os flavonóides não promoveram um efeito inibitório no tempo de protrombina (PT), tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (APTT) e tempo de trombina (TT). Essas observações sugerem que o C. celtidifolius exerce, in vitro, uma ação inibitória nas plaquetas através da inibição da secreção e agregação plaquetária.Croton celtidifolius Baill is a tree found in the Atlantic Forest South of Brazil, mainly in Santa Catarina. The bark and leaf infusions of this medicinal plant have been popularly used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The anti-aggregant activity of C. celtidifolius crude extract (CE) and the column chromatography (CC) isolated compounds flavonoids, catechin and gallocatechin were evaluated in human blood platelets. The platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was incubated with different concentrations of flavonóides (50 - 200 µg/mL) to be tested before platelet aggregation was induced by the agonists adenosine 5'diphosphate (ADP) and collagen. At 200 µg/mL the CE, catechin and gallocatechin markedly inhibited platelet aggregation with the aggregant agents. Using ATP production as an index of platelet secretory capacity, we observed a decreased production of ATP in platelets treated with flavonoids when stimulated by collagen. On the other hand, the flavonoids did not promote inhibitory effect on prothrombin time (PT), thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT). In conclusion, these observations suggest that C. celtidifolius is likely to exert an inhibitory action on platelets in vitro by suppressing secretion and platelet aggregation

Estudo anatomico do ligamento popliteo obliquo

OBJECTIVE:To study the anatomy of the oblique popliteal ligament, as regards its dimensions, expansion and anatomical relationships.METHODS:Eleven cadaver knees were dissected in order to study the anatomy and take mea-surements of anatomical structures and relationships of the oblique popliteal ligament. The dissection was for posterior access to the proper exposure of the oblique popliteal ligament, the semimembranosus muscle and its expansions. For measurement of dimensions, 40 × 12 needles were used for marking the specific points and a caliper. The angles were calculated using the software ImagePro Plus(r) .RESULTS:The distance from the origin of the oblique popliteal ligament to the tibial plateau was 7.4 mm, the thickness at its origin was 7.3 mm, length was 33.6 mm and the tibial plateau angle 34.8°. The length of the expansion of the proximal oblique popliteal ligament was 39.2 mm, thickness 7.8 mm and angle of the oblique popliteal ligament with its expansion 32.2°.CONCLUSION:The oblique popliteal ligament is thick, rises in the semimembranosus and protrudes proximally forming an acute angle with the joint interline, crossing the popliteal fossa. In some cases it has a proximal expansion.OBJETIVO:Estudar a anatomia do ligamento poplíteo oblíquo no que se refere às suas dimensões, expansões e relações anatômicas.MÉTODOS:Onze joelhos de cadáveres foram dissecados com o intuito de se estudar a anatomia e fazer medições das estruturas e das relações anatômicas do ligamento poplíteo oblíquo. A dissecção foi por acesso posterior até a exposição adequada do ligamento poplíteo oblíquo, do músculo semimembranoso e de suas expansões. Para aferição das medidas, foram usados agulhas 40x12 na marcação dos pontos específicos e um paquímetro. Os ângulos foram calculados com o auxílio do software ImagePro Plus(r).RESULTADOS:A distância da origem do ligamento poplíteo oblíquo ao platô tibial foi de 7,4 mm, a espessura na sua origem foi de 7,3 mm, o comprimento foi de 33,6 mm e o ângulo com o platô tibial foi de 34,8°. O comprimento da expansão proximal do ligamento poplíteo oblíquo foi de 39,2 mm, a espessura foi de 7,8 mm e o ângulo do ligamento poplíteo oblíquo com sua expansão foi de 32,2°.CONCLUSÃO:O ligamento poplíteo oblíquo é espesso, nasce no músculo semimembranoso, projeta-se proximalmente, forma um ângulo agudo com a interlinha articular e cruza a fossa poplítea. Em alguns casos apresenta uma expansão proximal.Universidade Federal do ParanaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Escola Paulista de MedicinaPontificia Universidade Catolica do ParanaUNIFESP, EPMSciEL

Assessment on the Achievable Throughput of Multi-band ITU-T G.652.D Fiber Transmission Systems

Fiber-optic multi-band transmission (MBT) aims at exploiting the low-loss spectral windows of single-mode fibers (SMFs) for data transport, expanding by ∼11× the available bandwidth of C-band line systems and by ∼5× C+L-band line systems'. MBT offers a high potential for cost-efficient throughput upgrades of optical networks, even in absence of available dark-fibers, as it utilizes more efficiently the existing infrastructures. This represents the main advantage compared to approaches such as multi-mode/-core fibers or spatial division multiplexing. Furthermore, the industrial trend is clear: the first commercial C+L-band systems are entering the market and research has moved toward the neighboring S-band. This article discusses the potential and challenges of MBT covering the ITU-T optical bands O → L. MBT performance is assessed by addressing the generalized SNR (GSNR) including both the linear and non-linear fiber propagation effects. Non-linear fiber propagation is taken into account by computing the generated non-linear interference by using the generalized Gaussian-noise (GGN) model, which takes into account the interaction of non-linear fiber propagation with stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), and in general considers wavelength-dependent fiber parameters. For linear effects, we hypothesize typical components' figures and discussion on components' limitations, such as transceivers,' amplifiers' and filters' are not part of this work. We focus on assessing the transmission throughput that is realistic to achieve by using feasible multi-band components without specific optimizations and implementation discussion. So, results are meant to address the potential throughput scaling by turning-on excess fiber transmission bands. As transmission fiber, we focus exclusively on the ITU-T G.652.D, since it is the most widely deployed fiber type worldwide and the mostly suitable to multi-band transmission, thanks to its ultra-wide low-loss single-mode high-dispersion spectral region. Similar analyses could be carried out for other single-mode fiber types. We estimate a total single-fiber throughput of 450 Tb/s over a distance of 50 km and 220 Tb/s over regional distances of 600 km: ∼ 10 × and 8× more than C-band transmission respectively and ∼ 2.5× more than full C+L